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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <!-- This developer manual is for GNU GRUB (version 2.06, 11 November 2025). Copyright (C) 1999,2000,2001,2002,2004,2005,2006,2008,2009,2010,2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections. --> <!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.7, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title>GNU GRUB Developers Manual 2.06</title> <meta name="description" content="GNU GRUB Developers Manual 2.06"> <meta name="keywords" content="GNU GRUB Developers Manual 2.06"> <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> <link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top"> <link href="#Index" rel="index" title="Index"> <link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em} div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em} kbd {font-style: oblique} pre.display {font-family: inherit} pre.format {font-family: inherit} pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap} span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal} span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} --> </style> </head> <body lang="en"> <h1 class="settitle" align="center">GNU GRUB Developers Manual 2.06</h1> <span id="SEC_Contents"></span> <h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2> <div class="contents"> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Getting-the-source-code-1" href="#Getting-the-source-code">1 Getting the source code</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Coding-style-1" href="#Coding-style">2 Coding style</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Naming-Conventions-1" href="#Naming-Conventions">2.1 Naming Conventions</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Functions-1" href="#Functions">2.2 Functions</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Variables-1" href="#Variables">2.3 Variables</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Types-1" href="#Types">2.4 Types</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Macros-1" href="#Macros">2.5 Macros</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Comments-1" href="#Comments">2.6 Comments</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Multi_002dLine-Comments-1" href="#Multi_002dLine-Comments">2.7 Multi-Line Comments</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Finding-your-way-around-1" href="#Finding-your-way-around">3 Finding your way around</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Contributing-changes" href="#Contributing-Changes">4 Contributing changes</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Getting-started-1" href="#Getting-started">4.1 Getting started</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Typical-Developer-Experience-1" href="#Typical-Developer-Experience">4.2 Typical Developer Experience</a></li> <li><a id="toc-When-you-are-approved-for-write-access-to-project_0027s-files-1" href="#When-you-are-approved-for-write-access-to-project_0027s-files">4.3 When you are approved for write access to project’s files</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Updating-external-code" href="#Updating-External-Code">5 Updating external code</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Gnulib-1" href="#Gnulib">5.1 Gnulib</a></li> <li><a id="toc-jsmn-1" href="#jsmn">5.2 jsmn</a></li> <li><a id="toc-minilzo-1" href="#minilzo">5.3 minilzo</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Porting-1" href="#Porting">6 Porting</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Error-Handling-1" href="#Error-Handling">7 Error Handling</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Stack-and-heap-size-1" href="#Stack-and-heap-size">8 Stack and heap size</a></li> <li><a id="toc-BIOS-port-memory-map-1" href="#BIOS-port-memory-map">9 BIOS port memory map</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Video-Subsystem-1" href="#Video-Subsystem">10 Video Subsystem</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Video-API-1" href="#Video-API">10.1 Video API</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fsetup" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fsetup">10.1.1 grub_video_setup</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005frestore" href="#grub_005fvideo_005frestore">10.1.2 grub_video_restore</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fget_005finfo" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fget_005finfo">10.1.3 grub_video_get_info</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fblit_005fformat" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fblit_005fformat">10.1.4 grub_video_get_blit_format</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fset_005fpalette" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fset_005fpalette">10.1.5 grub_video_set_palette</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fpalette" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fpalette">10.1.6 grub_video_get_palette</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fset_005farea_005fstatus" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fset_005farea_005fstatus">10.1.7 grub_video_set_area_status</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fget_005farea_005fstatus" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fget_005farea_005fstatus">10.1.8 grub_video_get_area_status</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fset_005fviewport" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fset_005fviewport">10.1.9 grub_video_set_viewport</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fviewport" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fviewport">10.1.10 grub_video_get_viewport</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fset_005fregion" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fset_005fregion">10.1.11 grub_video_set_region</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fregion" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fregion">10.1.12 grub_video_get_region</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fmap_005fcolor" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fmap_005fcolor">10.1.13 grub_video_map_color</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fmap_005frgb" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fmap_005frgb">10.1.14 grub_video_map_rgb</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fmap_005frgba" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fmap_005frgba">10.1.15 grub_video_map_rgba</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005funmap_005fcolor" href="#grub_005fvideo_005funmap_005fcolor">10.1.16 grub_video_unmap_color</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005ffill_005frect" href="#grub_005fvideo_005ffill_005frect">10.1.17 grub_video_fill_rect</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fblit_005fglyph" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fblit_005fglyph">10.1.18 grub_video_blit_glyph</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fblit_005fbitmap" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fblit_005fbitmap">10.1.19 grub_video_blit_bitmap</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fblit_005frender_005ftarget" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fblit_005frender_005ftarget">10.1.20 grub_video_blit_render_target</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fscroll" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fscroll">10.1.21 grub_video_scroll</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fswap_005fbuffers" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fswap_005fbuffers">10.1.22 grub_video_swap_buffers</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fcreate_005frender_005ftarget" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fcreate_005frender_005ftarget">10.1.23 grub_video_create_render_target</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fdelete_005frender_005ftarget" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fdelete_005frender_005ftarget">10.1.24 grub_video_delete_render_target</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fset_005factive_005frender_005ftarget" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fset_005factive_005frender_005ftarget">10.1.25 grub_video_set_active_render_target</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fget_005factive_005frender_005ftarget" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fget_005factive_005frender_005ftarget">10.1.26 grub_video_get_active_render_target</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Example-usage-of-Video-API-1" href="#Example-usage-of-Video-API">10.2 Example usage of Video API</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Example-of-screen-setup" href="#Example-of-screen-setup">10.2.1 Example of screen setup</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Example-of-setting-up-console-viewport" href="#Example-of-setting-up-console-viewport">10.2.2 Example of setting up console viewport</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Bitmap-API-1" href="#Bitmap-API">10.3 Bitmap API</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fcreate" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fcreate">10.3.1 grub_video_bitmap_create</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fdestroy" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fdestroy">10.3.2 grub_video_bitmap_destroy</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fload" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fload">10.3.3 grub_video_bitmap_load</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fwidth" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fwidth">10.3.4 grub_video_bitmap_get_width</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fheight" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fheight">10.3.5 grub_video_bitmap_get_height</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fmode_005finfo" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fmode_005finfo">10.3.6 grub_video_bitmap_get_mode_info</a></li> <li><a id="toc-grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fdata" href="#grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fdata">10.3.7 grub_video_bitmap_get_data</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-PFF2-Font-File-Format-1" href="#PFF2-Font-File-Format">11 PFF2 Font File Format</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">11.1 Introduction</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Goals-of-the-GRUB-Font-Format" href="#Goals-of-the-GRUB-Font-Format">11.1.1 Goals of the GRUB Font Format</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Why-Another-Font-Format_003f" href="#Why-Another-Font-Format_003f">11.1.2 Why Another Font Format?</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-File-Structure-1" href="#File-Structure">11.2 File Structure</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Section-Types" href="#Section-Types">11.2.1 Section Types</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Font-Metrics-1" href="#Font-Metrics">11.3 Font Metrics</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Graphical-Menu-Software-Design-1" href="#Graphical-Menu-Software-Design">12 Graphical Menu Software Design</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-Introduction-2" href="#Introduction_005f2">12.1 Introduction</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Startup-Sequence-1" href="#Startup-Sequence">12.2 Startup Sequence</a></li> <li><a id="toc-GUI-Components-1" href="#GUI-Components">12.3 GUI Components</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Command-Line-Window-1" href="#Command-Line-Window">12.4 Command Line Window</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Verifiers-framework-1" href="#Verifiers-framework">13 Verifiers framework</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Lockdown-framework-1" href="#Lockdown-framework">14 Lockdown framework</a></li> <li><a id="toc-Copying-This-Manual-1" href="#Copying-This-Manual">Appendix A Copying This Manual</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">A.1 GNU Free Documentation License</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a id="toc-ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents" href="#ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents">A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></li> </ul> </div> <span id="Top"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Getting-the-source-code" accesskey="n" rel="next">Getting the source code</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="GNU-GRUB-developer-manual"></span><h1 class="top">GNU GRUB developer manual</h1> <p>This is the developer documentation of GNU GRUB, the GRand Unified Bootloader, a flexible and powerful boot loader program for a wide range of architectures. </p> <p>This edition documents version 2.06. </p> <p>This developer manual is for GNU GRUB (version 2.06, 11 November 2025). </p> <p>Copyright © 1999,2000,2001,2002,2004,2005,2006,2008,2009,2010,2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. </p> <blockquote> <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections. </p></blockquote> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Getting-the-source-code" accesskey="1">Getting the source code</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Coding-style" accesskey="2">Coding style</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Finding-your-way-around" accesskey="3">Finding your way around</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Contributing-Changes" accesskey="4">Contributing Changes</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Updating-External-Code" accesskey="5">Updating External Code</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Porting" accesskey="6">Porting</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Error-Handling" accesskey="7">Error Handling</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Stack-and-heap-size" accesskey="8">Stack and heap size</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#BIOS-port-memory-map" accesskey="9">BIOS port memory map</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Video-Subsystem">Video Subsystem</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#PFF2-Font-File-Format">PFF2 Font File Format</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Graphical-Menu-Software-Design">Graphical Menu Software Design</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Verifiers-framework">Verifiers framework</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Lockdown-framework">Lockdown framework</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Copying-This-Manual">Copying This Manual</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Copying This Manual </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Getting-the-source-code"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Coding-style" accesskey="n" rel="next">Coding style</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Getting-the-source-code-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 Getting the source code</h2> <p>GRUB is maintained using the <a href="GIT revision control system">GIT revision control system</a>. To fetch: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">git clone git://git.sv.gnu.org/grub.git </pre></div> <p>Web access is available under </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grub.git/ </pre></div> <p>The branches available are: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>master</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Main development branch. </p></dd> <dt>‘<samp>grub-legacy</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>GRUB 0.97 codebase. Kept for reference and legal reasons </p></dd> <dt>‘<samp>multiboot</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Multiboot specfication </p></dd> <dt>‘<samp>multiboot2</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Multiboot2 specfication </p></dd> <dt>‘<samp>developer branches</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Prefixed with developer name. Every developer of a team manages his own branches. Developer branches do not need changelog entries. </p></dd> </dl> <p>Once you have used <kbd>git clone</kbd> to fetch an initial copy of a branch, you can use <kbd>git pull</kbd> to keep it up to date. If you have modified your local version, you may need to resolve conflicts when pulling. </p> <hr> <span id="Coding-style"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Finding-your-way-around" accesskey="n" rel="next">Finding your way around</a>, Previous: <a href="#Getting-the-source-code" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Getting the source code</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Coding-style-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Coding style</h2> <p>Basically we follow the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards_toc.html">GNU Coding Standards</a>. We define additional conventions for GRUB here. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Naming-Conventions" accesskey="1">Naming Conventions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Functions" accesskey="2">Functions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Variables" accesskey="3">Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Types" accesskey="4">Types</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Macros" accesskey="5">Macros</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Comments" accesskey="6">Comments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Multi_002dLine-Comments" accesskey="7">Multi-Line Comments</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Naming-Conventions"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Coding-style" accesskey="u" rel="up">Coding style</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Naming-Conventions-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.1 Naming Conventions</h3> <p>All global symbols (i.e. functions, variables, types, and macros) must have the prefix grub_ or GRUB_. The all capital form is used only by macros. </p> <hr> <span id="Functions"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Naming-Conventions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Naming Conventions</a>, Up: <a href="#Coding-style" accesskey="u" rel="up">Coding style</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Functions-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.2 Functions</h3> <p>If a function is global, its name must be prefixed with grub_ and must consist of only small letters. If the function belongs to a specific function module, the name must also be prefixed with the module name. For example, if a function is for file systems, its name is prefixed with grub_fs_. If a function is for FAT file system but not for all file systems, its name is prefixed with grub_fs_fat_. The hierarchy is noted this way. </p> <p>After a prefix, a function name must start with a verb (such as get or is). It must not be a noun. Some kind of abbreviation is permitted, as long as it wouldn’t make code less readable (e.g. init). </p> <p>If a function is local, its name may not start with any prefix. It must start with a verb. </p> <hr> <span id="Variables"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Types" accesskey="n" rel="next">Types</a>, Previous: <a href="#Functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Coding-style" accesskey="u" rel="up">Coding style</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Variables-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.3 Variables</h3> <p>The rule is mostly the same as functions, as noted above. If a variable is global, its name must be prefixed with grub_ and must consist of only small letters. If the variable belongs to a specific function module, the name must also be prefixed with the module name. For example, if a function is for dynamic loading, its name is prefixed with grub_dl_. If a variable is for ELF but not for all dynamic loading systems, its name is prefixed with grub_dl_elf_. </p> <p>After a prefix, a variable name must start with a noun or an adjective (such as name or long) and it should end with a noun. Some kind of abbreviation is permitted, as long as it wouldn’t make code less readable (e.g. i18n). </p> <p>If a variable is global in the scope of a single file (i.e. it is declared with static), its name may not start with any prefix. It must start with a noun or an adjective. </p> <p>If a variable is local, you may choose any shorter name, as long as it wouldn’t make code less readable (e.g. i). </p> <hr> <span id="Types"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Macros" accesskey="n" rel="next">Macros</a>, Previous: <a href="#Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Coding-style" accesskey="u" rel="up">Coding style</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Types-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.4 Types</h3> <p>The name of a type must be prefixed with grub_ and must consist of only small letters. If the type belongs to a specific function module, the name must also be prefixed with the module name. For example, if a type is for OS loaders, its name is prefixed with grub_loader_. If a type is for Multiboot but not for all OS loaders, its name is prefixed with grub_loader_linux_. </p> <p>The name must be suffixed with _t, to emphasize the fact that it is a type but not a variable or a function. </p> <hr> <span id="Macros"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Comments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Comments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Types" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Types</a>, Up: <a href="#Coding-style" accesskey="u" rel="up">Coding style</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Macros-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.5 Macros</h3> <p>If a macro is global, its name must be prefixed with GRUB_ and must consist of only large letters. Other rules are the same as functions or variables, depending on whether a macro is used like a function or a variable. </p> <hr> <span id="Comments"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Multi_002dLine-Comments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Multi-Line Comments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Macros" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Macros</a>, Up: <a href="#Coding-style" accesskey="u" rel="up">Coding style</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Comments-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.6 Comments</h3> <p>All comments shall be C-style comments, of the form ‘<samp>/* … */</samp>’. A comment can be placed immediately preceding the entity it describes or it can be placed together with code, variable declarations, or other non-comment entities. However, it is recommended to not mix various forms especially in types/structs descriptions. </p> <p>Acceptable: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">/* The page # that is the front buffer. */ int displayed_page; </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">int render_page; /* The page # that is the back buffer. */ </pre></div> <hr> <span id="Multi_002dLine-Comments"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Comments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Comments</a>, Up: <a href="#Coding-style" accesskey="u" rel="up">Coding style</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Multi_002dLine-Comments-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.7 Multi-Line Comments</h3> <p>Comments spanning multiple lines shall be formatted with all lines after the first aligned with the first line. Asterisk characters should be repeated at the start of each subsequent line. </p> <p>Acceptable: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">/* * This is a comment * which spans multiple lines. * It is long. */ </pre></div> <p>Unacceptable: </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">/* This is a comment which spans multiple lines. It is long. */ </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">/* * This is a comment * which spans multiple lines. * It is long. */ </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">/* This is a comment * which spans multiple lines. * It is long. */ </pre></div> <p>In particular first unacceptable form makes comment difficult to distinguish from the code itself. Especially if it contains the code snippets and/or is long. So, its usage is disallowed. </p> <hr> <span id="Finding-your-way-around"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Contributing-Changes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Contributing Changes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Coding-style" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Coding style</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Finding-your-way-around-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Finding your way around</h2> <p>Here is a brief map of the GRUB code base. </p> <p>GRUB uses Autoconf and Automake, with most of the Automake input generated by a Python script. The top-level build rules are in <samp>configure.ac</samp>, <samp>grub-core/Makefile.core.def</samp>, and <samp>Makefile.util.def</samp>. Each block in a <samp>*.def</samp> file represents a build target, and specifies the source files used to build it on various platforms. The <samp>*.def</samp> files are processed into Automake input by <samp>gentpl.py</samp> (which you only need to look at if you are extending the build system). If you are adding a new module which follows an existing pattern, such as a new command or a new filesystem implementation, it is usually easiest to grep <samp>grub-core/Makefile.core.def</samp> and <samp>Makefile.util.def</samp> for an existing example of that pattern to find out where it should be added. </p> <p>In general, code that may be run at boot time is in a subdirectory of <samp>grub-core</samp>, while code that is only run from within a full operating system is in a subdirectory of the top level. </p> <p>Low-level boot code, such as the MBR implementation on PC BIOS systems, is in the <samp>grub-core/boot/</samp> directory. </p> <p>The GRUB kernel is in <samp>grub-core/kern/</samp>. This contains core facilities such as the device, disk, and file frameworks, environment variable handling, list processing, and so on. The kernel should contain enough to get up to a rescue prompt. Header files for kernel facilities, among others, are in <samp>include/</samp>. </p> <p>Terminal implementations are in <samp>grub-core/term/</samp>. </p> <p>Disk access code is spread across <samp>grub-core/disk/</samp> (for accessing the disk devices themselves), <samp>grub-core/partmap/</samp> (for interpreting partition table data), and <samp>grub-core/fs/</samp> (for accessing filesystems). Note that, with the odd specialised exception, GRUB only contains code to <em>read</em> from filesystems and tries to avoid containing any code to <em>write</em> to filesystems; this lets us confidently assure users that GRUB cannot be responsible for filesystem corruption. </p> <p>PCI and USB bus handling is in <samp>grub-core/bus/</samp>. </p> <p>Video handling code is in <samp>grub-core/video/</samp>. The graphical menu system uses this heavily, but is in a separate directory, <samp>grub-core/gfxmenu/</samp>. </p> <p>Most commands are implemented by files in <samp>grub-core/commands/</samp>, with the following exceptions: </p> <ul> <li> A few core commands live in <samp>grub-core/kern/corecmd.c</samp>. </li><li> Commands related to normal mode live under <samp>grub-core/normal/</samp>. </li><li> Commands that load and boot kernels live under <samp>grub-core/loader/</samp>. </li><li> The ‘<samp>loopback</samp>’ command is really a disk device, and so lives in <samp>grub-core/disk/loopback.c</samp>. </li><li> The ‘<samp>gettext</samp>’ command lives under <samp>grub-core/gettext/</samp>. </li><li> The ‘<samp>loadfont</samp>’ and ‘<samp>lsfonts</samp>’ commands live under <samp>grub-core/font/</samp>. </li><li> The ‘<samp>serial</samp>’, ‘<samp>terminfo</samp>’, and ‘<samp>background_image</samp>’ commands live under <samp>grub-core/term/</samp>. </li><li> The ‘<samp>efiemu_*</samp>’ commands live under <samp>grub-core/efiemu/</samp>. </li><li> OS-dependent code should be under <samp>grub-core/osdep/</samp> </li><li> Utility programs meant to be run from a full operating system (except OS-dependent code mentioned previously) are in <samp>util/</samp>. </li></ul> <p>There are a few other special-purpose exceptions; grep for them if they matter to you. </p> <hr> <span id="Contributing-Changes"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Updating-External-Code" accesskey="n" rel="next">Updating External Code</a>, Previous: <a href="#Finding-your-way-around" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Finding your way around</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Contributing-changes"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 Contributing changes</h2> <p>Contributing changes to GRUB 2 is welcomed activity. However we have a bit of control what kind of changes will be accepted to GRUB 2. Therefore it is important to discuss your changes on grub-devel mailing list (see MailingLists). On this page there are some basic details on the development process and activities. </p> <p>First of all you should come up with the idea yourself what you want to contribute. If you do not have that beforehand you are advised to study this manual and try GRUB 2 out to see what you think is missing from there. </p> <p>Here are additional pointers: </p><ul> <li> <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/task/?group=grub GRUB's Task Tracker">https://savannah.gnu.org/task/?group=grub GRUB's Task Tracker</a> </li><li> <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=grub GRUB's Bug Tracker">https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=grub GRUB's Bug Tracker</a> </li></ul> <p>If you intended to make changes to GRUB Legacy (<=0.97) those are not accepted anymore. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Getting-started" accesskey="1">Getting started</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Typical-Developer-Experience" accesskey="2">Typical Developer Experience</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#When-you-are-approved-for-write-access-to-project_0027s-files" accesskey="3">When you are approved for write access to project's files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Getting-started"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Typical-Developer-Experience" accesskey="n" rel="next">Typical Developer Experience</a>, Up: <a href="#Contributing-Changes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contributing Changes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Getting-started-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.1 Getting started</h3> <ul> <li> Always use latest GRUB 2 source code. So get that first. <p>For developers it is recommended always to use the newest development version of GRUB 2. If development takes a long period of time, please remember to keep in sync with newest developments regularly so it is much easier to integrate your change in the future. GRUB 2 is being developed in a GIT repository. </p> <p>Please check Savannah’s GRUB project page for details how to get newest git: <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/git/?group=grub">GRUB 2 git Repository</a> </p> </li><li> Compile it and try it out. <p>It is always good idea to first see that things work somehow and after that to start to implement new features or develop fixes to bugs. </p> </li><li> Study the code. <p>There are sometimes odd ways to do things in GRUB 2 code base. This is mainly related to limited environment where GRUB 2 is being executed. You usually do not need to understand it all so it is better to only try to look at places that relates to your work. Please do not hesitate to ask for help if there is something that you do not understand. </p> </li><li> Develop a new feature. <p>Now that you know what to do and how it should work in GRUB 2 code base, please be free to develop it. If you have not so far announced your idea on grub-devel mailing list, please do it now. This is to make sure you are not wasting your time working on the solution that will not be integrated to GRUB 2 code base. </p> <p>You might want to study our coding style before starting development so you do not need to change much of the code when your patch is being reviewed. (see <a href="#Coding-style">Coding style</a>) </p> <p>For every accepted patch there has to exist a ChangeLog entry. Our ChangeLog consist of changes within source code and are not describing about what the change logically does. Please see examples from previous entries. </p> <p>Also remember that GRUB 2 is licensed under GPLv3 license and that usually means that you are not allowed to copy pieces of code from other projects. Even if the source project’s license would be compatible with GPLv3, please discuss it beforehand on grub-devel mailing list. </p> </li><li> Test your change. <p>Test that your change works properly. Try it out a couple of times, preferably on different systems, and try to find problems with it. </p> </li><li> Publish your change. <p>When you are happy with your change, first make sure it is compilable with latest development version of GRUB 2. After that please send a patch to grub-devel for review. Please describe in your email why you made the change, what it changes and so on. Please be prepared to receive even discouraging comments about your patch. There is usually at least something that needs to be improved in every patch. </p> <p>Please use unified diff to make your patch (good match of arguments for diff is ‘<samp>-pruN</samp>’). </p> </li><li> Respond to received feedback. <p>If you are asked to modify your patch, please do that and resubmit it for review. If your change is large you are required to submit a copyright agreement to FSF. Please keep in mind that if you are asked to submit for copyright agreement, process can take some time and is mandatory in order to get your changes integrated. </p> <p>If you are not on grub-devel to respond to questions, most likely your patch will not be accepted. Also if problems arise from your changes later on, it would be preferable that you also fix the problem. So stay around for a while. </p> </li><li> Your patch is accepted. <p>Good job! Your patch will now be integrated into GRUB 2 mainline, and if it didn’t break anything it will be publicly available in the next release. </p> <p>Now you are welcome to do further improvements :) </p></li></ul> <hr> <span id="Typical-Developer-Experience"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#When-you-are-approved-for-write-access-to-project_0027s-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">When you are approved for write access to project's files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Getting-started" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Getting started</a>, Up: <a href="#Contributing-Changes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contributing Changes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Typical-Developer-Experience-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.2 Typical Developer Experience</h3> <p>The typical experience for a developer in this project is the following: </p> <ol> <li> You find yourself wanting to do something (e.g. fixing a bug). </li><li> You show some result in the mailing list or the IRC. </li><li> You are getting to be known to other developers. </li><li> You accumulate significant amount of contribution, so copyright assignment is processed. </li><li> You are free to check in your changes on your own, legally speaking. </li></ol> <p>At this point, it is rather annoying that you ought to ask somebody else every change to be checked in. For efficiency, it is far better, if you can commit it yourself. Therefore, our policy is to give you the write permission to our official repository, once you have shown your skill and will, and the FSF clerks have dealt with your copyright assignment. </p> <hr> <span id="When-you-are-approved-for-write-access-to-project_0027s-files"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Typical-Developer-Experience" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Typical Developer Experience</a>, Up: <a href="#Contributing-Changes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Contributing Changes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="When-you-are-approved-for-write-access-to-project_0027s-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.3 When you are approved for write access to project’s files</h3> <p>As you might know, GRUB is hosted on <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/grub Savannah">https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/grub Savannah</a>, thus the membership is managed by Savannah. This means that, if you want to be a member of this project: </p> <ol> <li> You need to create your own account on Savannah. </li><li> You can submit “Request for Inclusion” from “My Groups” on Savannah. </li></ol> <p>Then, one of the admins can approve your request, and you will be a member. If you don’t want to use the Savannah interface to submit a request, you can simply notify the admins by email or something else, alternatively. But you still need to create an account beforehand. </p> <p>NOTE: we sometimes receive a “Request for Inclusion” from an unknown person. In this case, the request would be just discarded, since it is too dangerous to allow a stranger to be a member, which automatically gives him a commit right to the repository, both for a legal reason and for a technical reason. </p> <p>If your intention is to just get started, please do not submit a inclusion request. Instead, please subscribe to the mailing list, and communicate first (e.g. sending a patch, asking a question, commenting on another message...). </p> <hr> <span id="Updating-External-Code"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Porting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Porting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Contributing-Changes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Contributing Changes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Updating-external-code"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Updating external code</h2> <p>GRUB includes some code from other projects, and it is sometimes necessary to update it. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Gnulib" accesskey="1">Gnulib</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#jsmn" accesskey="2">jsmn</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#minilzo" accesskey="3">minilzo</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Gnulib"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#jsmn" accesskey="n" rel="next">jsmn</a>, Up: <a href="#Updating-External-Code" accesskey="u" rel="up">Updating External Code</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Gnulib-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 Gnulib</h3> <p>Gnulib is a source code library that provides basic functionality to programs and libraries. Many software packages make use of Gnulib to avoid reinventing the portability wheel. </p> <p>GRUB imports Gnulib using its <code>bootstrap</code> utility, identifying a particular Git commit in <samp>bootstrap.conf</samp>. To upgrade to a new Gnulib commit, set <code>GNULIB_REVISION</code> in <samp>bootstrap.conf</samp> to the new commit ID, then run <kbd>./bootstrap</kbd> and whatever else you need to make sure it works. Check for changes to Gnulib’s <samp>NEWS</samp> file between the old and new commits; in some cases it will be necessary to adjust GRUB to match. You may also need to update the patches in <samp>grub-core/lib/gnulib-patches/</samp>. </p> <p>To add a new Gnulib module or remove one that is no longer needed, change <code>gnulib_modules</code> in <samp>bootstrap.conf</samp>. Again, run <kbd>./bootstrap</kbd> and whatever else you need to make sure it works. </p> <p>Bootstrapping from an older distribution containing gettext version < 0.18.3, will require a patch similar to this to be applied first before running the <code>./bootstrap</code> utility: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">diff --git a/bootstrap.conf b/bootstrap.conf index 988dda0..a3193a9 100644 --- a/bootstrap.conf +++ b/bootstrap.conf @ -67,7 +67,7 @ SKIP_PO=t buildreq="\ autoconf 2.63 automake 1.11 -gettext 0.18.3 +gettext 0.17 git 1.5.5 tar - " diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac index 08b518f..99f5b36 100644 --- a/configure.ac +++ b/configure.ac @ -362,7 +362,7 @ AC_CHECK_PROG(HAVE_CXX, $CXX, yes, no) AC_GNU_SOURCE AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external]) -AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION([0.18.3]) +AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION([0.17]) AC_SYS_LARGEFILE # Identify characteristics of the host architecture. </pre></div> <p>It will also be necessary to adjust the patches in <samp>po/gettext-patches/</samp> to apply to an older version of gettext. </p> <hr> <span id="jsmn"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#minilzo" accesskey="n" rel="next">minilzo</a>, Previous: <a href="#Gnulib" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Gnulib</a>, Up: <a href="#Updating-External-Code" accesskey="u" rel="up">Updating External Code</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="jsmn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 jsmn</h3> <p>jsmn is a minimalistic JSON parser which is implemented in a single header file <samp>jsmn.h</samp>. To import a different version of the jsmn parser, you may simply download the <samp>jsmn.h</samp> header from the desired tag or commit to the target directory: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zserge/jsmn/v1.1.0/jsmn.h \ -o grub-core/lib/json/jsmn.h </pre></div> <hr> <span id="minilzo"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#jsmn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">jsmn</a>, Up: <a href="#Updating-External-Code" accesskey="u" rel="up">Updating External Code</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="minilzo-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 minilzo</h3> <p>miniLZO is a very lightweight subset of the LZO library intended for easy inclusion in other projects. It is generated automatically from the LZO source code and contains the most important LZO functions. </p> <p>To upgrade to a new version of the miniLZO library, download the release tarball and copy the files into the target directory: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">curl -L -O http://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/download/minilzo-2.08.tar.gz tar -zxf minilzo-2.08.tar.gz rm minilzo-2.08/testmini.c rm -r grub-core/lib/minilzo/* cp minilzo-2.08/*.[hc] grub-core/lib/minilzo rm -r minilzo-2.08* </pre></div> <hr> <span id="Porting"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Error-Handling" accesskey="n" rel="next">Error Handling</a>, Previous: <a href="#Updating-External-Code" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Updating External Code</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Porting-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 Porting</h2> <p>GRUB2 is designed to be easily portable accross platforms. But because of the nature of bootloader every new port must be done separately. Here is how I did MIPS (loongson and ARC) and Xen ports. Note than this is more of suggestions, not absolute truth. </p> <p>First of all grab any architecture specifications you can find in public (please avoid NDA). </p> <p>First stage is “Hello world”. I’ve done it outside of GRUB for simplicity. Your task is to have a small program which is loadable as bootloader and clearly shows its presence to you. If you have easily accessible console you can just print a message. If you have a mapped framebuffer you know address of, you can draw a square. If you have a debug facility, just hanging without crashing might be enough. For the first stage you can choose to load the bootloader across the network since format for network image is often easier than for local boot and it skips the need of small intermediary stages and nvram handling. Additionally you can often have a good idea of the needed format by running “file” on any netbootable executable for given platform. </p> <p>This program should probably have 2 parts: an assembler and C one. Assembler one handles BSS cleaning and other needed setup (on some platforms you may need to switch modes or copy the executable to its definitive position). So your code may look like (x86 assembly for illustration purposes) </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example"> .globl _start _start: movl $_bss_start, %edi movl $_end, %ecx subl %edi, %ecx xorl %eax, %eax cld rep stosb call main </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example"> static const char msg[] = "Hello, world"; void putchar (int c) { ... } void main (void) { const char *ptr = msg; while (*ptr) putchar (*ptr++); while (1); } </pre></div> <p>Sometimes you need a third file: assembly stubs for ABI-compatibility. </p> <p>Once this file is functional it’s time to move it into GRUB2. The startup assembly file goes to grub-core/kern/$cpu/$platform/startup.S. You should also include grub/symbol.h and replace call to entry point with call to EXT_C(grub_main). The C file goes to grub-core/kern/$cpu/$platform/init.c and its entry point is renamed to void grub_machine_init (void). Keep final infinite loop for now. Stubs file if any goes to grub-core/kern/$cpu/$platform/callwrap.S. Sometimes either $cpu or $platform is dropped if file is used on several cpus respectivelyplatforms. Check those locations if they already have what you’re looking for. </p> <p>Then modify in configure.ac the following parts: </p> <p>CPU names: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">case "$target_cpu" in i[[3456]]86) target_cpu=i386 ;; amd64) target_cpu=x86_64 ;; sparc) target_cpu=sparc64 ;; s390x) target_cpu=s390 ;; ... esac </pre></div> <p>Sometimes CPU have additional architecture names which don’t influence booting. You might want to have some canonical name to avoid having bunch of identical platforms with different names. </p> <p>NOTE: it doesn’t influence compile optimisations which depend solely on chosen compiler and compile options. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">if test "x$with_platform" = x; then case "$target_cpu"-"$target_vendor" in i386-apple) platform=efi ;; i386-*) platform=pc ;; x86_64-apple) platform=efi ;; x86_64-*) platform=pc ;; powerpc-*) platform=ieee1275 ;; ... esac else ... fi </pre></div> <p>This part deals with guessing the platform from CPU and vendor. Sometimes you need to use 32-bit mode for booting even if OS runs in 64-bit one. If so add your platform to: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">case "$target_cpu"-"$platform" in x86_64-efi) ;; x86_64-emu) ;; x86_64-*) target_cpu=i386 ;; powerpc64-ieee1275) target_cpu=powerpc ;; esac </pre></div> <p>Add your platform to the list of supported ones: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">case "$target_cpu"-"$platform" in i386-efi) ;; x86_64-efi) ;; i386-pc) ;; i386-multiboot) ;; i386-coreboot) ;; ... esac </pre></div> <p>If explicit -m32 or -m64 is needed add it to: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">case "$target_cpu" in i386 | powerpc) target_m32=1 ;; x86_64 | sparc64) target_m64=1 ;; esac </pre></div> <p>Finally you need to add a conditional to the following block: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">AM_CONDITIONAL([COND_mips_arc], [test x$target_cpu = xmips -a x$platform = xarc]) AM_CONDITIONAL([COND_sparc64_ieee1275], [test x$target_cpu = xsparc64 -a x$platform = xieee1275]) AM_CONDITIONAL([COND_powerpc_ieee1275], [test x$target_cpu = xpowerpc -a x$platform = xieee1275]) </pre></div> <p>Next stop is gentpl.py. You need to add your platform to the list of supported ones (sorry that this list is duplicated): </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">GRUB_PLATFORMS = [ "emu", "i386_pc", "i386_efi", "i386_qemu", "i386_coreboot", "i386_multiboot", "i386_ieee1275", "x86_64_efi", "mips_loongson", "sparc64_ieee1275", "powerpc_ieee1275", "mips_arc", "ia64_efi", "mips_qemu_mips", "s390_mainframe" ] </pre></div> <p>You may also want already to add new platform to one or several of available groups. In particular we always have a group for each CPU even when only one platform for given CPU is available. </p> <p>Then comes grub-core/Makefile.core.def. In the block “kernel” you’ll need to define ldflags for your platform ($cpu_$platform_ldflags). You also need to declare startup asm file ($cpu_$platform_startup) as well as any other files (e.g. init.c and callwrap.S) (e.g. $cpu_$platform = kern/$cpu/$platform/init.c). At this stage you will also need to add dummy dl.c and cache.S with functions grub_err_t grub_arch_dl_check_header (void *ehdr), grub_err_t grub_arch_dl_relocate_symbols (grub_dl_t mod, void *ehdr) (dl.c), grub_uint32_t grub_arch_dl_min_alignment (void), and void grub_arch_sync_caches (void *address, grub_size_t len) (cache.S). They won’t be used for now. </p> <p>You will need to create directory include/$cpu/$platform and a file include/$cpu/types.h. The later folowing this template: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">#ifndef GRUB_TYPES_CPU_HEADER #define GRUB_TYPES_CPU_HEADER 1 /* The size of void *. */ #define GRUB_TARGET_SIZEOF_VOID_P 4 /* The size of long. */ #define GRUB_TARGET_SIZEOF_LONG 4 /* mycpu is big-endian. */ #define GRUB_TARGET_WORDS_BIGENDIAN 1 /* Alternatively: mycpu is little-endian. */ #undef GRUB_TARGET_WORDS_BIGENDIAN #endif /* ! GRUB_TYPES_CPU_HEADER */ </pre></div> <p>You will also need to add a dummy file to datetime and setjmp modules to avoid any of it having no files. It can be just completely empty at this stage. </p> <p>You’ll need to make grub-mkimage.c (util/grub_mkimage.c) aware of the needed format. For most commonly used formats like ELF, PE, aout or raw the support is already present and you’ll need to make it follow the existant code paths for your platform adding adjustments if necessary. When done compile: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">./bootstrap ./configure --target=$cpu --with-platform=$platform TARGET_CC=.. OBJCOPY=... STRIP=... make > /dev/null </pre></div> <p>And create image </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">./grub-mkimage -d grub-core -O $format_id -o test.img </pre></div> <p>And it’s time to test your test.img. </p> <p>If it works next stage is to have heap, console and timer. </p> <p>To have the heap working you need to determine which regions are suitable for heap usage, allocate them from firmware and map (if applicable). Then call grub_mm_init_region (vois *start, grub_size_t s) for every of this region. As a shortcut for early port you can allocate right after _end or have a big static array for heap. If you do you’ll probably need to come back to this later. As for output console you should distinguish between an array of text, terminfo or graphics-based console. Many of real-world examples don’t fit perfectly into any of these categories but one of the models is easier to be used as base. In second and third case you should add your platform to terminfokernel respectively videoinkernel group. A good example of array of text is i386-pc (kern/i386/pc/init.c and term/i386/pc/console.c). Of terminfo is ieee1275 (kern/ieee1275/init.c and term/ieee1275/console.c). Of video is loongson (kern/mips/loongson/init.c). Note that terminfo has to be inited in 2 stages: one before (to get at least rudimentary console as early as possible) and another after the heap (to get full-featured console). For the input there are string of keys, terminfo and direct hardware. For string of keys look at i386-pc (same files), for terminfo ieee1275 (same files) and for hardware loongson (kern/mips/loongson/init.c and term/at_keyboard.c). </p> <p>For the timer you’ll need to call grub_install_get_time_ms (...) with as sole argument a function returning a grub_uint64_t of a number of milliseconds elapsed since arbitrary point in the past. </p> <p>Once these steps accomplished you can remove the inifinite loop and you should be able to get to the minimal console. Next step is to have module loading working. For this you’ll need to fill kern/$cpu/dl.c and kern/$cpu/cache.S with real handling of relocations and respectively the real sync of I and D caches. Also you’ll need to decide where in the image to store the modules. Usual way is to have it concatenated at the end. In this case you’ll need to modify startup.S to copy modules out of bss to let’s say ALIGN_UP (_end, 8) before cleaning out bss. You’ll probably find useful to add total_module_size field to startup.S. In init.c you need to set grub_modbase to the address where modules can be found. You may need grub_modules_get_end () to avoid declaring the space occupied by modules as usable for heap. You can test modules with: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">./grub-mkimage -d grub-core -O $format_id -o test.img hello </pre></div> <p>and then running “hello” in the shell. </p> <p>Once this works, you should think of implementing disk access. Look around disk/ for examples. </p> <p>Then, very importantly, you probably need to implement the actual loader (examples available in loader/) </p> <p>Last step to have minimally usable port is to add support to grub-install to put GRUB in a place where firmware or platform will pick it up. </p> <p>Next steps are: filling datetime.c, setjmp.S, network (net/drivers), video (video/), halt (lib/), reboot (lib/). </p> <p>Please add your platform to Platform limitations and Supported kernels chapter in user documentation and mention any steps you skipped which result in reduced features or performance. Here is the quick checklist of features. Some of them are less important than others and skipping them is completely ok, just needs to be mentioned in user documentation. </p> <p>Checklist: </p><ul> <li> Is heap big enough? </li><li> Which charset is supported by console? </li><li> Does platform have disk driver? </li><li> Do you have network card support? </li><li> Are you able to retrieve datetime (with date)? </li><li> Are you able to set datetime (with date)? </li><li> Is serial supported? </li><li> Do you have direct disk support? </li><li> Do you have direct keyboard support? </li><li> Do you have USB support? </li><li> Do you support loading through network? </li><li> Do you support loading from disk? </li><li> Do you support chainloading? </li><li> Do you support network chainloading? </li><li> Does cpuid command supports checking all CPU features that the user might want conditionalise on (64-bit mode, hypervisor,...) </li><li> Do you support hints? How reliable are they? </li><li> Does platform have ACPI? If so do “acpi” and “lsacpi” modules work? </li><li> Do any of platform-specific operations mentioned in the relevant section of user manual makes sense on your platform? </li><li> Does your platform support PCI? If so is there an appropriate driver for GRUB? </li><li> Do you support badram? </li></ul> <hr> <span id="Error-Handling"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Stack-and-heap-size" accesskey="n" rel="next">Stack and heap size</a>, Previous: <a href="#Porting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Porting</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Error-Handling-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 Error Handling</h2> <p>Error handling in GRUB 2 is based on exception handling model. As C language doesn’t directly support exceptions, exception handling behavior is emulated in software. </p> <p>When exception is raised, function must return to calling function. If calling function does not provide handling of the exception it must return back to its calling function and so on, until exception is handled. If exception is not handled before prompt is displayed, error message will be shown to user. </p> <p>Exception information is stored on <code>grub_errno</code> global variable. If <code>grub_errno</code> variable contains value <code>GRUB_ERR_NONE</code>, there is no active exception and application can continue normal processing. When <code>grub_errno</code> has other value, it is required that application code either handles this error or returns instantly to caller. If function is with return type <code>grub_err_t</code> is about to return <code>GRUB_ERR_NONE</code>, it should not set <code>grub_errno</code> to that value. Only set <code>grub_errno</code> in cases where there is error situation. </p> <p>Simple exception forwarder. </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t forwarding_example (void) { /* Call function that might cause exception. */ foobar (); /* No special exception handler, just forward possible exceptions. */ if (grub_errno != GRUB_ERR_NONE) { return grub_errno; } /* All is OK, do more processing. */ /* Return OK signal, to caller. */ return GRUB_ERR_NONE; } </pre></div> <p>Error reporting has two components, the actual error code (of type <code>grub_err_t</code>) and textual message that will be displayed to user. List of valid error codes is listed in header file <samp>include/grub/err.h</samp>. Textual error message can contain any textual data. At time of writing, error message can contain up to 256 characters (including terminating NUL). To ease error reporting there is a helper function <code>grub_error</code> that allows easier formatting of error messages and should be used instead of writing directly to global variables. </p> <p>Example of error reporting. </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t failing_example () { return grub_error (GRUB_ERR_FILE_NOT_FOUND, "Failed to read %s, tried %d times.", "test.txt", 10); } </pre></div> <p>If there is a special reason that error code does not need to be taken account, <code>grub_errno</code> can be zeroed back to <code>GRUB_ERR_NONE</code>. In cases like this all previous error codes should have been handled correctly. This makes sure that there are no unhandled exceptions. </p> <p>Example of zeroing <code>grub_errno</code>. </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t probe_example () { /* Try to probe device type 1. */ probe_for_device (); if (grub_errno == GRUB_ERR_NONE) { /* Device type 1 was found on system. */ register_device (); return GRUB_ERR_NONE; } /* Zero out error code. */ grub_errno = GRUB_ERR_NONE; /* No device type 1 found, try to probe device type 2. */ probe_for_device2 (); if (grub_errno == GRUB_ERR_NONE) { /* Device type 2 was found on system. */ register_device2 (); return GRUB_ERR_NONE; } /* Zero out error code. */ grub_errno = GRUB_ERR_NONE; /* Return custom error message. */ return grub_error (GRUB_ERR_UNKNOWN_DEVICE, "No device type 1 or 2 found."); } </pre></div> <p>Some times there is a need to continue processing even if there is a error state in application. In situations like this, there is a needed to save old error state and then call other functions that might fail. To aid in this, there is a error stack implemented. Error state can be pushed to error stack by calling function <code>grub_error_push ()</code>. When processing has been completed, <code>grub_error_pop ()</code> can be used to pop error state from stack. Error stack contains predefined amount of error stack items. Error stack is protected for overflow and marks these situations so overflow error does not get unseen. If there is no space available to store error message, it is simply discarded and overflow will be marked as happened. When overflow happens, it most likely will corrupt error stack consistency as for pushed error there is no matching pop, but overflow message will be shown to inform user about the situation. Overflow message will be shown at time when prompt is about to be drawn. </p> <p>Example usage of error stack. </p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">/* Save possible old error message. */ grub_error_push (); /* Do your stuff here. */ call_possibly_failing_function (); if (grub_errno != GRUB_ERR_NONE) { /* Inform rest of the code that there is error (grub_errno is set). There is no pop here as we want both error states to be displayed. */ return; } /* Restore old error state by popping previous item from stack. */ grub_error_pop (); </pre></div> <hr> <span id="Stack-and-heap-size"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#BIOS-port-memory-map" accesskey="n" rel="next">BIOS port memory map</a>, Previous: <a href="#Error-Handling" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Error Handling</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Stack-and-heap-size-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 Stack and heap size</h2> <p>On emu stack and heap are just normal host OS stack and heap. Stack is typically 8 MiB although it’s OS-dependent. </p> <p>On i386-pc, i386-coreboot, i386-qemu and i386-multiboot the stack is 60KiB. All available space between 1MiB and 4GiB marks is part of heap. </p> <p>On *-xen stack is 4MiB. If compiled for x86-64 with GCC 4.4 or later adressable space is unlimited. When compiled for x86-64 with older GCC version adressable space is limited to 2GiB. When compiling for i386 adressable space is limited to 4GiB. All adressable pages except the ones for stack, GRUB binary, special pages and page table are in the heap. </p> <p>On *-efi GRUB uses same stack as EFI. If compiled for x86-64 with GCC 4.4 or later adressable space is unlimited. When compiled for x86-64 with older GCC version adressable space is limited to 2GiB. For all other platforms adressable space is limited to 4GiB. GRUB allocates pages from EFI for its heap, at most 1.6 GiB. </p> <p>On i386-ieee1275 and powerpc-ieee1275 GRUB uses same stack as IEEE1275. </p> <p>On i386-ieee1275 and powerpc-ieee1275, GRUB will allocate 32MiB for its heap on startup. It may allocate more at runtime, as long as at least 128MiB remain free in OpenFirmware. </p> <p>On sparc64-ieee1275 stack is 256KiB and heap is 2MiB. </p> <p>On mips(el)-qemu_mips and mipsel-loongson stack is 2MiB (everything below GRUB image) and everything above GRUB image (from 2MiB + kernel size) until 256MiB is part of heap. </p> <p>On mips-arc stack is 2MiB (everything below GRUB image) and everything above GRUB image(from 2MiB + kernel size) until 128MiB is part of heap. </p> <p>On mipsel-arc stack is 2MiB (everything below GRUB image which is not part of ARC) and everything above GRUB image (from 7MiB + kernel size) until 256MiB is part of heap. </p> <p>On arm-uboot stack is 256KiB and heap is 2MiB. </p> <p>In short: </p> <table> <thead><tr><th width="15%">Platform</th><th width="25%">Stack</th><th width="50%">Heap</th></tr></thead> <tr><td width="15%">emu</td><td width="25%">8 MiB</td><td width="50%">?</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">i386-pc</td><td width="25%">60 KiB</td><td width="50%">< 4 GiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">i386-coreboot</td><td width="25%">60 KiB</td><td width="50%">< 4 GiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">i386-multiboot</td><td width="25%">60 KiB</td><td width="50%">< 4 GiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">i386-qemu</td><td width="25%">60 KiB</td><td width="50%">< 4 GiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">*-efi</td><td width="25%">?</td><td width="50%">< 1.6 GiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">i386-ieee1275</td><td width="25%">?</td><td width="50%">< 32 MiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">powerpc-ieee1275</td><td width="25%">?</td><td width="50%">available memory - 128MiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">sparc64-ieee1275</td><td width="25%">256KiB</td><td width="50%">2 MiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">arm-uboot</td><td width="25%">256KiB</td><td width="50%">2 MiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">mips(el)-qemu_mips</td><td width="25%">2MiB</td><td width="50%">253 MiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">mipsel-loongson</td><td width="25%">2MiB</td><td width="50%">253 MiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">mips-arc</td><td width="25%">2MiB</td><td width="50%">125 MiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">mipsel-arc</td><td width="25%">2MiB</td><td width="50%">248 MiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">x86_64-xen (GCC >= 4.4)</td><td width="25%">4MiB</td><td width="50%">unlimited</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">x86_64-xen (GCC < 4.4)</td><td width="25%">4MiB</td><td width="50%">< 2GiB</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">i386-xen</td><td width="25%">4MiB</td><td width="50%">< 4GiB</td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="BIOS-port-memory-map"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Video-Subsystem" accesskey="n" rel="next">Video Subsystem</a>, Previous: <a href="#Stack-and-heap-size" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Stack and heap size</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="BIOS-port-memory-map-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">9 BIOS port memory map</h2> <table> <thead><tr><th width="15%">Start</th><th width="25%">End</th><th width="50%">Usage</th></tr></thead> <tr><td width="15%">0</td><td width="25%">0x1000 - 1</td><td width="50%">BIOS and real mode interrupts</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">0x07BE</td><td width="25%">0x07FF</td><td width="50%">Partition table passed to another boot loader</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">?</td><td width="25%">0x2000 - 1</td><td width="50%">Real mode stack</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">0x7C00</td><td width="25%">0x7D00 - 1</td><td width="50%">Boot sector</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">0x8000</td><td width="25%">?</td><td width="50%">GRUB kernel</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">0x68000</td><td width="25%">0x71000 - 1</td><td width="50%">Disk buffer</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">?</td><td width="25%">0x80000 - 1</td><td width="50%">Protected mode stack</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">?</td><td width="25%">0xA0000 - 1</td><td width="50%">Extended BIOS Data Area</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">0xA0000</td><td width="25%">0xC0000 - 1</td><td width="50%">Video RAM</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">0xC0000</td><td width="25%">0x100000 - 1</td><td width="50%">BIOS</td></tr> <tr><td width="15%">0x100000</td><td width="25%">?</td><td width="50%">Heap and module code</td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Video-Subsystem"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#PFF2-Font-File-Format" accesskey="n" rel="next">PFF2 Font File Format</a>, Previous: <a href="#BIOS-port-memory-map" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BIOS port memory map</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Video-Subsystem-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">10 Video Subsystem</h2> <p>This document contains specification for Video Subsystem for GRUB2. Currently only the usage interface is described in this document. Internal structure of how video drivers are registering and how video driver manager works are not included here. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Video-API" accesskey="1">Video API</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Example-usage-of-Video-API" accesskey="2">Example usage of Video API</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bitmap-API" accesskey="3">Bitmap API</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Video-API"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Example-usage-of-Video-API" accesskey="n" rel="next">Example usage of Video API</a>, Up: <a href="#Video-Subsystem" accesskey="u" rel="up">Video Subsystem</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Video-API-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.1 Video API</h3> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fsetup"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.1 grub_video_setup</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_setup (unsigned int width, unsigned int height, unsigned int mode_type); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Driver will use information provided to it to select best possible video mode and switch to it. Supported values for <code>mode_type</code> are <code>GRUB_VIDEO_MODE_TYPE_INDEX_COLOR</code> for index color modes, <code>GRUB_VIDEO_MODE_TYPE_RGB</code> for direct RGB color modes and <code>GRUB_VIDEO_MODE_TYPE_DOUBLE_BUFFERED</code> for double buffering. When requesting RGB mode, highest bits per pixel mode will be selected. When requesting Index color mode, mode with highest number of colors will be selected. If all parameters are specified as zero, video adapter will try to figure out best possible mode and initialize it, platform specific differences are allowed here. If there is no mode matching request, error X will be returned. If there are no problems, function returns <code>GRUB_ERR_NONE</code>. </p> <p>This function also performs following task upon succesful mode switch. Active rendering target is changed to screen and viewport is maximized to allow whole screen to be used when performing graphics operations. In RGB modes, emulated palette gets 16 entries containing default values for VGA palette, other colors are defined as black. When switching to Indexed Color mode, driver may set default VGA palette to screen if the video card allows the operation. </p> </li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005frestore"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.2 grub_video_restore</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_restore (void); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Video subsystem will deinitialize activated video driver to restore old state of video device. This can be used to switch back to text mode. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fget_005finfo"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.3 grub_video_get_info</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_get_info (struct grub_video_mode_info *mode_info); </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">struct grub_video_mode_info { /* Width of the screen. */ unsigned int width; /* Height of the screen. */ unsigned int height; /* Mode type bitmask. Contains information like is it Index color or RGB mode. */ unsigned int mode_type; /* Bits per pixel. */ unsigned int bpp; /* Bytes per pixel. */ unsigned int bytes_per_pixel; /* Pitch of one scanline. How many bytes there are for scanline. */ unsigned int pitch; /* In index color mode, number of colors. In RGB mode this is 256. */ unsigned int number_of_colors; /* Optimization hint how binary data is coded. */ enum grub_video_blit_format blit_format; /* How many bits are reserved for red color. */ unsigned int red_mask_size; /* What is location of red color bits. In Index Color mode, this is 0. */ unsigned int red_field_pos; /* How many bits are reserved for green color. */ unsigned int green_mask_size; /* What is location of green color bits. In Index Color mode, this is 0. */ unsigned int green_field_pos; /* How many bits are reserved for blue color. */ unsigned int blue_mask_size; /* What is location of blue color bits. In Index Color mode, this is 0. */ unsigned int blue_field_pos; /* How many bits are reserved in color. */ unsigned int reserved_mask_size; /* What is location of reserved color bits. In Index Color mode, this is 0. */ unsigned int reserved_field_pos; }; </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Software developer can use this function to query properties of active rendering taget. Information provided here can be used by other parts of GRUB, like image loaders to convert loaded images to correct screen format to allow more optimized blitters to be used. If there there is no configured video driver with active screen, error <code>GRUB_ERR_BAD_DEVICE</code> is returned, otherwise <code>mode_info</code> is filled with valid information and <code>GRUB_ERR_NONE</code> is returned. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fblit_005fformat"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.4 grub_video_get_blit_format</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">enum grub_video_blit_format grub_video_get_blit_format (struct grub_video_mode_info *mode_info); </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">enum grub_video_blit_format { /* Follow exactly field & mask information. */ GRUB_VIDEO_BLIT_FORMAT_RGBA, /* Make optimization assumption. */ GRUB_VIDEO_BLIT_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8, /* Follow exactly field & mask information. */ GRUB_VIDEO_BLIT_FORMAT_RGB, /* Make optimization assumption. */ GRUB_VIDEO_BLIT_FORMAT_R8G8B8, /* When needed, decode color or just use value as is. */ GRUB_VIDEO_BLIT_FORMAT_INDEXCOLOR }; </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to query how data could be optimized to suit specified video mode. Returns exact video format type, or a generic one if there is no definition for the type. For generic formats, use <code>grub_video_get_info</code> to query video color coding settings. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fset_005fpalette"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.5 grub_video_set_palette</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_set_palette (unsigned int start, unsigned int count, struct grub_video_palette_data *palette_data); </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">struct grub_video_palette_data { grub_uint8_t r; /* Red color value (0-255). */ grub_uint8_t g; /* Green color value (0-255). */ grub_uint8_t b; /* Blue color value (0-255). */ grub_uint8_t a; /* Reserved bits value (0-255). */ }; </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to setup indexed color palettes. If mode is RGB mode, colors will be set to emulated palette data. In Indexed Color modes, palettes will be set to hardware. Color values will be converted to suit requirements of the video mode. <code>start</code> will tell what hardware color index (or emulated color index) will be set to according information in first indice of <code>palette_data</code>, after that both hardware color index and <code>palette_data</code> index will be incremented until <code>count</code> number of colors have been set. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fpalette"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.6 grub_video_get_palette</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_get_palette (unsigned int start, unsigned int count, struct grub_video_palette_data *palette_data); </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">struct grub_video_palette_data { grub_uint8_t r; /* Red color value (0-255). */ grub_uint8_t g; /* Green color value (0-255). */ grub_uint8_t b; /* Blue color value (0-255). */ grub_uint8_t a; /* Reserved bits value (0-255). */ }; </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to query indexed color palettes. If mode is RGB mode, colors will be copied from emulated palette data. In Indexed Color modes, palettes will be read from hardware. Color values will be converted to suit structure format. <code>start</code> will tell what hardware color index (or emulated color index) will be used as a source for first indice of <code>palette_data</code>, after that both hardware color index and <code>palette_data</code> index will be incremented until <code>count</code> number of colors have been read. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fset_005farea_005fstatus"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.7 grub_video_set_area_status</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_set_area_status (grub_video_area_status_t area_status); </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">enum grub_video_area_status_t { GRUB_VIDEO_AREA_DISABLED, GRUB_VIDEO_AREA_ENABLED }; </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to set area drawing mode for redrawing the specified region. Draw commands are performed in the intersection of the viewport and the region called area. Coordinates remain related to the viewport. If draw commands try to draw over the area, they are clipped. Set status to DISABLED if you need to draw everything. Set status to ENABLED and region to the desired rectangle to redraw everything inside the region leaving everything else intact. Should be used for redrawing of active elements. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fget_005farea_005fstatus"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.8 grub_video_get_area_status</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_r grub_video_get_area_status (grub_video_area_status_t *area_status); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: Used to query the area status. </li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fset_005fviewport"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.9 grub_video_set_viewport</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_set_viewport (unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int width, unsigned int height); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to specify viewport where draw commands are performed. When viewport is set, all draw commands coordinates relate to those specified by <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>. If draw commands try to draw over viewport, they are clipped. If developer requests larger than possible viewport, width and height will be clamped to fit screen. If <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> are out of bounds, all functions drawing to screen will not be displayed. In order to maximize viewport, use <code>grub_video_get_info</code> to query actual screen dimensions and provide that information to this function. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fviewport"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.10 grub_video_get_viewport</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_get_viewport (unsigned int *x, unsigned int *y, unsigned int *width, unsigned int *height); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to query current viewport dimensions. Software developer can use this to choose best way to render contents of the viewport. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fset_005fregion"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.11 grub_video_set_region</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_set_region (unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int width, unsigned int height); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to specify the region of the screen which should be redrawn. Use absolute values. When the region is set and area status is ENABLE all draw commands will be performed inside the interseption of region and viewport named area. If draw commands try to draw over viewport, they are clipped. If developer requests larger than possible region, width and height will be clamped to fit screen. Should be used for redrawing of active elements. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fget_005fregion"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.12 grub_video_get_region</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_get_region (unsigned int *x, unsigned int *y, unsigned int *width, unsigned int *height); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to query current region dimensions. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fmap_005fcolor"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.13 grub_video_map_color</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_video_color_t grub_video_map_color (grub_uint32_t color_name); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Map color can be used to support color themes in GRUB. There will be collection of color names that can be used to query actual screen mapped color data. Examples could be <code>GRUB_COLOR_CONSOLE_BACKGROUND</code>, <code>GRUB_COLOR_CONSOLE_TEXT</code>. The actual color defines are not specified at this point. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fmap_005frgb"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.14 grub_video_map_rgb</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_video_color_t grub_video_map_rgb (grub_uint8_t red, grub_uint8_t green, grub_uint8_t blue); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Map RGB values to compatible screen color data. Values are expected to be in range 0-255 and in RGB modes they will be converted to screen color data. In index color modes, index color palette will be searched for specified color and then index is returned. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fmap_005frgba"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.15 grub_video_map_rgba</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_video_color_t grub_video_map_rgba (grub_uint8_t red, grub_uint8_t green, grub_uint8_t blue, grub_uint8_t alpha); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Map RGBA values to compatible screen color data. Values are expected to be in range 0-255. In RGBA modes they will be converted to screen color data. In index color modes, index color palette will be searched for best matching color and its index is returned. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005funmap_005fcolor"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.16 grub_video_unmap_color</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_unmap_color (grub_video_color_t color, grub_uint8_t *red, grub_uint8_t *green, grub_uint8_t *blue, grub_uint8_t *alpha); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Unmap color value from <code>color</code> to color channels in <code>red</code>, <code>green</code>, <code>blue</code> and <code>alpha</code>. Values will be in range 0-255. Active rendering target will be used for color domain. In case alpha information is not available in rendering target, it is assumed to be opaque (having value 255). </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005ffill_005frect"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.17 grub_video_fill_rect</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_fill_rect (grub_video_color_t color, int x, int y, unsigned int width, unsigned int height); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Fill specified area limited by given coordinates within specified viewport. Negative coordinates are accepted in order to allow easy moving of rectangle within viewport. If coordinates are negative, area of the rectangle will be shrinken to follow size limits of the viewport. </p> <p>Software developer should use either <code>grub_video_map_color</code>, <code>grub_video_map_rgb</code> or <code>grub_video_map_rgba</code> to map requested color to <code>color</code> parameter. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fblit_005fglyph"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.18 grub_video_blit_glyph</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_blit_glyph (struct grub_font_glyph *glyph, grub_video_color_t color, int x, int y); </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">struct grub_font_glyph { /* TBD. */ }; </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to blit glyph to viewport in specified coodinates. If glyph is at edge of viewport, pixels outside of viewport will be clipped out. Software developer should use either <code>grub_video_map_rgb</code> or <code>grub_video_map_rgba</code> to map requested color to <code>color</code> parameter. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fblit_005fbitmap"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.19 grub_video_blit_bitmap</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_blit_bitmap (struct grub_video_bitmap *bitmap, enum grub_video_blit_operators oper, int x, int y, int offset_x, int offset_y, unsigned int width, unsigned int height); </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">struct grub_video_bitmap { /* TBD. */ }; enum grub_video_blit_operators { GRUB_VIDEO_BLIT_REPLACE, GRUB_VIDEO_BLIT_BLEND }; </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to blit bitmap to viewport in specified coordinates. If part of bitmap is outside of viewport region, it will be clipped out. Offsets affect bitmap position where data will be copied from. Negative values for both viewport coordinates and bitmap offset coordinates are allowed. If data is looked out of bounds of bitmap, color value will be assumed to be transparent. If viewport coordinates are negative, area of the blitted rectangle will be shrinken to follow size limits of the viewport and bitmap. Blitting operator <code>oper</code> specifies should source pixel replace data in screen or blend with pixel alpha value. </p> <p>Software developer should use <code>grub_video_bitmap_create</code> or <code>grub_video_bitmap_load</code> to create or load bitmap data. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fblit_005frender_005ftarget"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.20 grub_video_blit_render_target</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_blit_render_target (struct grub_video_render_target *source, enum grub_video_blit_operators oper, int x, int y, int offset_x, int offset_y, unsigned int width, unsigned int height); </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">struct grub_video_render_target { /* This is private data for video driver. Should not be accessed from elsewhere directly. */ }; enum grub_video_blit_operators { GRUB_VIDEO_BLIT_REPLACE, GRUB_VIDEO_BLIT_BLEND }; </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to blit source render target to viewport in specified coordinates. If part of source render target is outside of viewport region, it will be clipped out. If blitting operator is specified and source contains alpha values, resulting pixel color components will be calculated using formula ((src_color * src_alpha) + (dst_color * (255 - src_alpha)) / 255, if target buffer has alpha, it will be set to src_alpha. Offsets affect render target position where data will be copied from. If data is looked out of bounds of render target, color value will be assumed to be transparent. Blitting operator <code>oper</code> specifies should source pixel replace data in screen or blend with pixel alpha value. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fscroll"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.21 grub_video_scroll</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_scroll (grub_video_color_t color, int dx, int dy); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to scroll viewport to specified direction. New areas are filled with specified color. This function is used when screen is scroller up in video terminal. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fswap_005fbuffers"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.22 grub_video_swap_buffers</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_swap_buffers (void); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>If double buffering is enabled, this swaps frontbuffer and backbuffer, in order to show values drawn to back buffer. Video driver is free to choose how this operation is techincally done. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fcreate_005frender_005ftarget"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.23 grub_video_create_render_target</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_create_render_target (struct grub_video_render_target **result, unsigned int width, unsigned int height, unsigned int mode_type); </pre></div> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">struct grub_video_render_target { /* This is private data for video driver. Should not be accessed from elsewhere directly. */ }; </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Driver will use information provided to it to create best fitting render target. <code>mode_type</code> will be used to guide on selecting what features are wanted for render target. Supported values for <code>mode_type</code> are <code>GRUB_VIDEO_MODE_TYPE_INDEX_COLOR</code> for index color modes, <code>GRUB_VIDEO_MODE_TYPE_RGB</code> for direct RGB color modes and <code>GRUB_VIDEO_MODE_TYPE_ALPHA</code> for alpha component. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fdelete_005frender_005ftarget"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.24 grub_video_delete_render_target</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_delete_render_target (struct grub_video_render_target *target); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Used to delete previously created render target. If <code>target</code> contains <code>NULL</code> pointer, nothing will be done. If render target is correctly destroyed, GRUB_ERR_NONE is returned. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fset_005factive_005frender_005ftarget"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.25 grub_video_set_active_render_target</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_set_active_render_target (struct grub_video_render_target *target); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Sets active render target. If this comand is successful all drawing commands will be done to specified <code>target</code>. There is also special values for target, <code>GRUB_VIDEO_RENDER_TARGET_DISPLAY</code> used to reference screen’s front buffer, <code>GRUB_VIDEO_RENDER_TARGET_FRONT_BUFFER</code> used to reference screen’s front buffer (alias for <code>GRUB_VIDEO_RENDER_TARGET_DISPLAY</code>) and <code>GRUB_VIDEO_RENDER_TARGET_BACK_BUFFER</code> used to reference back buffer (if double buffering is enabled). If render target is correclty switched GRUB_ERR_NONE is returned. In no any event shall there be non drawable active render target. </p> </li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fget_005factive_005frender_005ftarget"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.1.26 grub_video_get_active_render_target</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_get_active_render_target (struct grub_video_render_target **target); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Returns currently active render target. It returns value in <code>target</code> that can be subsequently issued back to <code>grub_video_set_active_render_target</code>. </p></li></ul> <hr> <span id="Example-usage-of-Video-API"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Bitmap-API" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bitmap API</a>, Previous: <a href="#Video-API" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Video API</a>, Up: <a href="#Video-Subsystem" accesskey="u" rel="up">Video Subsystem</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Example-usage-of-Video-API-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.2 Example usage of Video API</h3> <span id="Example-of-screen-setup"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.2.1 Example of screen setup</h4> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t rc; /* Try to initialize video mode 1024 x 768 with direct RGB. */ rc = grub_video_setup (1024, 768, GRUB_VIDEO_MODE_TYPE_RGB); if (rc != GRUB_ERR_NONE) { /* Fall back to standard VGA Index Color mode. */ rc = grub_video_setup (640, 480, GRUB_VIDEO_MODE_TYPE_INDEX); if (rc != GRUB_ERR_NONE) { /* Handle error. */ } } </pre></div> <span id="Example-of-setting-up-console-viewport"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.2.2 Example of setting up console viewport</h4> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_uint32_t x, y, width, height; grub_video_color_t color; struct grub_font_glyph glyph; grub_err_t rc; /* Query existing viewport. */ grub_video_get_viewport (&x, &y, &width, &height); /* Fill background. */ color = grub_video_map_color (GRUB_COLOR_BACKGROUND); grub_video_fill_rect (color, 0, 0, width, height); /* Setup console viewport. */ grub_video_set_viewport (x + 10, y + 10, width - 20, height - 20); grub_video_get_viewport (&x, &y, &width, &height); color = grub_video_map_color (GRUB_COLOR_CONSOLE_BACKGROUND); grub_video_fill_rect (color, 0, 0, width, height); /* Draw text to viewport. */ color = grub_video_map_color (GRUB_COLOR_CONSOLE_TEXT); grub_font_get_glyph ('X', &glyph); grub_video_blit_glyph (&glyph, color, 0, 0); </pre></div> <hr> <span id="Bitmap-API"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Example-usage-of-Video-API" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Example usage of Video API</a>, Up: <a href="#Video-Subsystem" accesskey="u" rel="up">Video Subsystem</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Bitmap-API-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.3 Bitmap API</h3> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fcreate"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.3.1 grub_video_bitmap_create</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_bitmap_create (struct grub_video_bitmap **bitmap, unsigned int width, unsigned int height, enum grub_video_blit_format blit_format) </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Creates a new bitmap with given dimensions and blitting format. Allocated bitmap data can then be modified freely and finally blitted with <code>grub_video_blit_bitmap</code> to rendering target. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fdestroy"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.3.2 grub_video_bitmap_destroy</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_bitmap_destroy (struct grub_video_bitmap *bitmap); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>When bitmap is no longer needed, it can be freed from memory using this command. <code>bitmap</code> is previously allocated bitmap with <code>grub_video_bitmap_create</code> or loaded with <code>grub_video_bitmap_load</code>. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fload"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.3.3 grub_video_bitmap_load</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">grub_err_t grub_video_bitmap_load (struct grub_video_bitmap **bitmap, const char *filename); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Tries to load given bitmap (<code>filename</code>) using registered bitmap loaders. In case bitmap format is not recognized or supported error <code>GRUB_ERR_BAD_FILE_TYPE</code> is returned. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fwidth"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.3.4 grub_video_bitmap_get_width</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">unsigned int grub_video_bitmap_get_width (struct grub_video_bitmap *bitmap); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Returns bitmap width. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fheight"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.3.5 grub_video_bitmap_get_height</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">unsigned int grub_video_bitmap_get_height (struct grub_video_bitmap *bitmap); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Return bitmap height. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fmode_005finfo"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.3.6 grub_video_bitmap_get_mode_info</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">void grub_video_bitmap_get_mode_info (struct grub_video_bitmap *bitmap, struct grub_video_mode_info *mode_info); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Returns bitmap format details in form of <code>grub_video_mode_info</code>. </p></li></ul> <span id="grub_005fvideo_005fbitmap_005fget_005fdata"></span><h4 class="subsection">10.3.7 grub_video_bitmap_get_data</h4> <ul> <li> Prototype: <div class="example"> <pre class="example">void *grub_video_bitmap_get_data (struct grub_video_bitmap *bitmap); </pre></div> </li><li> Description: <p>Return pointer to bitmap data. Contents of the pointed data can be freely modified. There is no extra protection against going off the bounds so you have to be carefull how to access the data. </p></li></ul> <hr> <span id="PFF2-Font-File-Format"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Graphical-Menu-Software-Design" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphical Menu Software Design</a>, Previous: <a href="#Video-Subsystem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Video Subsystem</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="PFF2-Font-File-Format-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">11 PFF2 Font File Format</h2> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#File-Structure" accesskey="2">File Structure</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-Metrics" accesskey="3">Font Metrics</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Introduction"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#File-Structure" accesskey="n" rel="next">File Structure</a>, Up: <a href="#PFF2-Font-File-Format" accesskey="u" rel="up">PFF2 Font File Format</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Introduction-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.1 Introduction</h3> <p>The goal of this format is to provide a bitmap font format that is simple to use, compact, and cleanly supports Unicode. </p> <span id="Goals-of-the-GRUB-Font-Format"></span><h4 class="subsection">11.1.1 Goals of the GRUB Font Format</h4> <ul> <li> Simple to read and use. Since GRUB will only be reading the font files, we are more concerned with making the code to read the font simple than we are with writing the font. </li><li> Compact storage. The fonts will generally be stored in a small boot partition where GRUB is located, and this may be on a removable storage device such as a CD or USB flash drive where space is more limited than it is on most hard drives. </li><li> Unicode. GRUB should not have to deal with multiple character encodings. The font should always use Unicode character codes for simple internationalization. </li></ul> <span id="Why-Another-Font-Format_003f"></span><h4 class="subsection">11.1.2 Why Another Font Format?</h4> <p>There are many existing bitmap font formats that GRUB could use. However, there are aspects of these formats that may make them less than suitable for use in GRUB at this time: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>BDF</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Inefficient storage; uses ASCII to describe properties and hexadecimal numbers in ASCII for the bitmap rows. </p></dd> <dt>‘<samp>PCF</samp>’</dt> <dd><p>Many format variations such as byte order and bitmap padding (rows padded to byte, word, etc.) would result in more complex code to handle the font format. </p></dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="File-Structure"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Font-Metrics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font Metrics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#PFF2-Font-File-Format" accesskey="u" rel="up">PFF2 Font File Format</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="File-Structure-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.2 File Structure</h3> <p>A file <strong>section</strong> consists of a 4-byte name, a 32-bit big-endian length (not including the name or length), and then <var>length</var> more section-type-specific bytes. </p> <p>The standard file extension for PFF2 font files is <samp>.pf2</samp>. </p> <span id="Section-Types"></span><h4 class="subsection">11.2.1 Section Types</h4> <dl compact="compact"> <dt>‘<samp>FILE</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>File type ID</strong> (ASCII string). This must be the first section in the file. It has length 4 and the contents are the four bytes of the ASCII string ‘<samp>PFF2</samp>’. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>NAME</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>Font name</strong> (ASCII string). This is the full font name including family, weight, style, and point size. For instance, "Helvetica Bold Italic 14". </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>FAMI</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>Font family name</strong> (ASCII string). For instance, "Helvetica". This should be included so that intelligent font substitution can take place. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>WEIG</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>Font weight</strong> (ASCII string). Valid values are ‘<samp>bold</samp>’ and ‘<samp>normal</samp>’. This should be included so that intelligent font substitution can take place. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>SLAN</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>Font slant</strong> (ASCII string). Valid values are ‘<samp>italic</samp>’ and ‘<samp>normal</samp>’. This should be included so that intelligent font substitution can take place. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>PTSZ</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>Font point size</strong> (uint16be). </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>MAXW</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>Maximum character width in pixels</strong> (uint16be). </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>MAXH</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>Maximum character height in pixels</strong> (uint16be). </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>ASCE</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>Ascent in pixels</strong> (uint16be). See <a href="#Font-Metrics">Font Metrics</a>, for details. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>DESC</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>Descent in pixels</strong> (uint16be). See <a href="#Font-Metrics">Font Metrics</a>, for details. </p> </dd> <dt>‘<samp>CHIX</samp>’</dt> <dd><p><strong>Character index.</strong> The character index begins with a 32-bit big-endian unsigned integer indicating the total size of the section, not including this size value. For each character, there is an instance of the following entry structure: </p> <ul> <li> <strong>Unicode code point.</strong> (32-bit big-endian integer.) </li><li> <strong>Storage flags.</strong> (byte.) <ul> <li> Bits 2..0: <p>If equal to 000 binary, then the character data is stored uncompressed beginning at the offset indicated by the character’s <strong>offset</strong> value. </p> <p>If equal to 001 binary, then the character data is stored within a compressed character definition block that begins at the offset within the file indicated by the character’s <strong>offset</strong> value. </p></li></ul> </li><li> <strong>Offset.</strong> (32-bit big-endian integer.) <p>A marker that indicates the remainder of the file is data accessed via the character index (CHIX) section. When reading this font file, the rest of the file can be ignored when scanning the sections. The length should be set to -1 (0xFFFFFFFF). </p> <p>Supported data structures: </p> <p>Character definition Each character definition consists of: </p> <ul> <li> <strong>Width.</strong> Width of the bitmap in pixels. The bitmap’s extents represent the glyph’s bounding box. <code>uint16be</code>. </li><li> <strong>Height.</strong> Height of the bitmap in pixels. The bitmap’s extents represent the glyph’s bounding box. <code>uint16be</code>. </li><li> <strong>X offset.</strong> The number of pixels to shift the bitmap by horizontally before drawing the character. <code>int16be</code>. </li><li> <strong>Y offset.</strong> The number of pixels to shift the bitmap by vertically before drawing the character. <code>int16be</code>. </li><li> <strong>Device width.</strong> The number of pixels to advance horizontally from this character’s origin to the origin of the next character. <code>int16be</code>. </li><li> <strong>Bitmap data.</strong> This is encoded as a string of bits. It is organized as a row-major, top-down, left-to-right bitmap. The most significant bit of each byte is taken to be the leftmost or uppermost bit in the byte. For the sake of compact storage, rows are not padded to byte boundaries (i.e., a single byte may contain bits belonging to multiple rows). The last byte of the bitmap <strong>is</strong> padded with zero bits in the bits positions to the right of the last used bit if the bitmap data does not fill the last byte. <p>The length of the <strong>bitmap data</strong> field is (<var>width</var> * <var>height</var> + 7) / 8 using integer arithmetic, which is equivalent to ceil(<var>width</var> * <var>height</var> / 8) using real number arithmetic. </p> <p>It remains to be determined whether bitmap fonts usually make all glyph bitmaps the same height, or if smaller glyphs are stored with bitmaps having a lesser height. In the latter case, the baseline would have to be used to calculate the location the bitmap should be anchored at on screen. </p></li></ul> </li></ul> </dd> </dl> <hr> <span id="Font-Metrics"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#File-Structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">File Structure</a>, Up: <a href="#PFF2-Font-File-Format" accesskey="u" rel="up">PFF2 Font File Format</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Font-Metrics-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.3 Font Metrics</h3> <ul> <li> Ascent. The distance from the baseline to the top of most characters. Note that in some cases characters may extend above the ascent. </li><li> Descent. The distance from the baseline to the bottom of most characters. Note that in some cases characters may extend below the descent. </li><li> Leading. The amount of space, in pixels, to leave between the descent of one line of text and the ascent of the next line. This metrics is not specified in the current file format; instead, the font rendering engine calculates a reasonable leading value based on the other font metrics. </li><li> Horizonal leading. The amount of space, in pixels, to leave horizontally between the left and right edges of two adjacent glyphs. The <strong>device width</strong> field determines the effective leading value that is used to render the font. </li></ul> <img src="font_char_metrics.png" alt="font_char_metrics"> <p>An illustration of how the various font metrics apply to characters. </p> <hr> <span id="Graphical-Menu-Software-Design"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Verifiers-framework" accesskey="n" rel="next">Verifiers framework</a>, Previous: <a href="#PFF2-Font-File-Format" accesskey="p" rel="prev">PFF2 Font File Format</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Graphical-Menu-Software-Design-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">12 Graphical Menu Software Design</h2> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction_005f2" accesskey="1">Introduction_2</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Startup-Sequence" accesskey="2">Startup Sequence</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#GUI-Components" accesskey="3">GUI Components</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-Line-Window" accesskey="4">Command Line Window</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="Introduction_005f2"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Startup-Sequence" accesskey="n" rel="next">Startup Sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphical-Menu-Software-Design" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphical Menu Software Design</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Introduction-2"></span><h3 class="section">12.1 Introduction</h3> <p>The ‘<samp>gfxmenu</samp>’ module provides a graphical menu interface for GRUB 2. It functions as an alternative to the menu interface provided by the ‘<samp>normal</samp>’ module, which uses the grub terminal interface to display a menu on a character-oriented terminal. </p> <p>The graphical menu uses the GRUB video API, which is currently for the VESA BIOS extensions (VBE) 2.0+. This is supported on the i386-pc platform. However, the graphical menu itself does not depend on using VBE, so if another GRUB video driver were implemented, the ‘<samp>gfxmenu</samp>’ graphical menu would work on the new video driver as well. </p> <hr> <span id="Startup-Sequence"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#GUI-Components" accesskey="n" rel="next">GUI Components</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction_005f2" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction_2</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphical-Menu-Software-Design" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphical Menu Software Design</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Startup-Sequence-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.2 Startup Sequence</h3> <ul> <li> grub_enter_normal_mode [normal/main.c] </li><li> grub_normal_execute [normal/main.c] </li><li> read_config_file [normal/main.c] </li><li> (When <samp>gfxmenu.mod</samp> is loaded with <code>insmod</code>, it will call <code>grub_menu_viewer_register()</code> to register itself.) </li><li> GRUB_MOD_INIT (gfxmenu) [gfxmenu/gfxmenu.c] </li><li> grub_menu_viewer_register [kern/menu_viewer.c] </li><li> grub_menu_viewer_show_menu [kern/menu_viewer.c] </li><li> get_current_menu_viewer() [kern/menu_viewer.c] </li><li> show_menu() [gfxmenu/gfxmenu.c] </li><li> grub_gfxmenu_model_new [gfxmenu/model.c] </li><li> grub_gfxmenu_view_new [gfxmenu/view.c] </li><li> set_graphics_mode [gfxmenu/view.c] </li><li> grub_gfxmenu_view_load_theme [gfxmenu/theme_loader.c] </li></ul> <hr> <span id="GUI-Components"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Command-Line-Window" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Line Window</a>, Previous: <a href="#Startup-Sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Startup Sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphical-Menu-Software-Design" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphical Menu Software Design</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="GUI-Components-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.3 GUI Components</h3> <p>The graphical menu implements a GUI component system that supports a container-based layout system. Components can be added to containers, and containers (which are a type of component) can then be added to other containers, to form a tree of components. Currently, the root component of this tree is a ‘<samp>canvas</samp>’ component, which allows manual layout of its child components. </p> <p>Components (non-container): </p> <ul> <li> label </li><li> image </li><li> progress_bar </li><li> circular_progress </li><li> list (currently hard coded to be a boot menu list) </li></ul> <p>Containers: </p> <ul> <li> canvas </li><li> hbox </li><li> vbox </li></ul> <p>The GUI component instances are created by the theme loader in <samp>gfxmenu/theme_loader.c</samp> when a theme is loaded. Theme files specify statements such as ‘<samp>+vbox{ +label { text="Hello" } +label{ text="World" } }</samp>’ to add components to the component tree root. By nesting the component creation statements in the theme file, the instantiated components are nested the same way. </p> <p>When a component is added to a container, that new child is considered <strong>owned</strong> by the container. Great care should be taken if the caller retains a reference to the child component, since it will be destroyed if its parent container is destroyed. A better choice instead of storing a pointer to the child component is to use the component ID to find the desired component. Component IDs do not have to be unique (it is often useful to have multiple components with an ID of "__timeout__", for instance). </p> <p>In order to access and use components in the component tree, there are two functions (defined in <samp>gfxmenu/gui_util.c</samp>) that are particularly useful: </p> <ul> <li> <code>grub_gui_find_by_id (root, id, callback, userdata)</code>: <p>This function ecursively traverses the component tree rooted at <var>root</var>, and for every component that has an ID equal to <var>id</var>, calls the function pointed to by <var>callback</var> with the matching component and the void pointer <var>userdata</var> as arguments. The callback function can do whatever is desired to use the component passed in. </p> </li><li> <code>grub_gui_iterate_recursively (root, callback, userdata)</code>: <p>This function calls the function pointed to by <var>callback</var> for every component that is a descendant of <var>root</var> in the component tree. When the callback function is called, the component and the void pointer <var>userdata</var> as arguments. The callback function can do whatever is desired to use the component passed in. </p></li></ul> <hr> <span id="Command-Line-Window"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#GUI-Components" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GUI Components</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphical-Menu-Software-Design" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphical Menu Software Design</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Command-Line-Window-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.4 Command Line Window</h3> <p>The terminal window used to provide command line access within the graphical menu is managed by <samp>gfxmenu/view.c</samp>. The ‘<samp>gfxterm</samp>’ terminal is used, and it has been modified to allow rendering to an offscreen render target to allow it to be composed into the double buffering system that the graphical menu view uses. This is bad for performance, however, so it would probably be a good idea to make it possible to temporarily disable double buffering as long as the terminal window is visible. There are still unresolved problems that occur when commands are executed from the terminal window that change the graphics mode. It’s possible that making <code>grub_video_restore()</code> return to the graphics mode that was in use before <code>grub_video_setup()</code> was called might fix some of the problems. </p> <hr> <span id="Verifiers-framework"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Lockdown-framework" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lockdown framework</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphical-Menu-Software-Design" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphical Menu Software Design</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Verifiers-framework-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">13 Verifiers framework</h2> <p>To register your own verifier call ‘<samp>grub_verifier_register</samp>’ with a structure pointing to your functions. </p> <p>The interface is inspired by the hash interface with ‘<samp>init</samp>’/‘<samp>write</samp>’/‘<samp>fini</samp>’. </p> <p>There are essentially 2 ways of using it, hashing and whole-file verification. </p> <p>With the hashing approach: During ‘<samp>init</samp>’ you decide whether you want to check the given file and init context. In ‘<samp>write</samp>’ you update your hashing state. In ‘<samp>fini</samp>’ you check that the hash matches the expected value/passes some check/... </p> <p>With whole-file verification: During ‘<samp>init</samp>’ you decide whether you want to check the given file and init context. In ‘<samp>write</samp>’ you verify the file and return an error if it fails. You don’t have ‘<samp>fini</samp>’. </p> <p>Additional ‘<samp>verify_string</samp>’ receives various strings like kernel parameters to verify. Returning no error means successful verification and an error stops the current action. </p> <p>Detailed description of the API: </p> <p>Every time a file is opened your ‘<samp>init</samp>’ function is called with file descriptor and file type. Your function can have the following outcomes: </p> <ul> <li> returning no error and setting ‘<samp>*flags</samp>’ to ‘<samp>GRUB_VERIFY_FLAGS_DEFER_AUTH</samp>’. In this case verification is deferred to other active verifiers. Verification fails if nobody cares or selected verifier fails. </li><li> returning no error and setting ‘<samp>*flags</samp>’ to ‘<samp>GRUB_VERIFY_FLAGS_SKIP_VERIFICATION</samp>’. In this case your verifier will not be called anymore and it is assumed to have skipped verification. </li><li> returning no error and not setting ‘<samp>*flags</samp>’ to ‘<samp>GRUB_VERIFY_FLAGS_SKIP_VERIFICATION</samp>’ In this case verification is done as described in the following section. </li><li> returning an error. Then opening of the file will fail due to failed verification. </li></ul> <p>In the third case your ‘<samp>write</samp>’ will be called with chunks of the file. If you need the whole file in a single chunk then during ‘<samp>init</samp>’ set the bit ‘<samp>GRUB_VERIFY_FLAGS_SINGLE_CHUNK</samp>’ in ‘<samp>*flags</samp>’. During ‘<samp>init</samp>’ you may set ‘<samp>*context</samp>’ if you need additional context. At every iteration you may return an error and the file will be considered as having failed the verification. If you return no error then verification continues. </p> <p>Optionally at the end of the file ‘<samp>fini</samp>’, if it exists, is called with just the context. If you return no error during any of ‘<samp>init</samp>’, ‘<samp>write</samp>’ and ‘<samp>fini</samp>’ then the file is considered as having succeded verification. </p> <hr> <span id="Lockdown-framework"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Copying-This-Manual" accesskey="n" rel="next">Copying This Manual</a>, Previous: <a href="#Verifiers-framework" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Verifiers framework</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Lockdown-framework-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">14 Lockdown framework</h2> <p>The GRUB can be locked down, which is a restricted mode where some operations are not allowed. For instance, some commands cannot be used when the GRUB is locked down. </p> <p>The function <code>grub_lockdown()</code> is used to lockdown GRUB and the function <code>grub_is_lockdown()</code> function can be used to check whether lockdown is enabled or not. When enabled, the function returns ‘<samp>GRUB_LOCKDOWN_ENABLED</samp>’ and ‘<samp>GRUB_LOCKDOWN_DISABLED</samp>’ when is not enabled. </p> <p>The following functions can be used to register the commands that can only be used when lockdown is disabled: </p> <ul> <li> <code>grub_cmd_lockdown()</code> registers command which should not run when the GRUB is in lockdown mode. </li><li> <code>grub_cmd_lockdown()</code> registers extended command which should not run when the GRUB is in lockdown mode. </li></ul> <hr> <span id="Copying-This-Manual"></span><div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lockdown-framework" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lockdown framework</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Copying-This-Manual-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Copying This Manual</h2> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="1">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">License for copying this manual. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <span id="GNU-Free-Documentation-License"></span><div class="header"> <p> Up: <a href="#Copying-This-Manual" accesskey="u" rel="up">Copying This Manual</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1"></span><h3 class="appendixsec">A.1 GNU Free Documentation License</h3> <span id="index-FDL_002c-GNU-Free-Documentation-License"></span> <div align="center">Version 1.2, November 2002 </div> <div class="display"> <pre class="display">Copyright © 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. </pre></div> <ol start="0"> <li> PREAMBLE <p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document <em>free</em> in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 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If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. </p></li></ol> <span id="ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"></span><h4 class="appendixsubsec">A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h4> <p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example"> Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. </pre></div> <p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example"> with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>. </pre></div> <p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. </p> <p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software. </p> <hr> <span id="Index"></span><div class="header"> <p> Previous: <a href="#Copying-This-Manual" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Copying This Manual</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <span id="Index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2> <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> </td></tr></table> <table class="index-cp" border="0"> <tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FDL_002c-GNU-Free-Documentation-License">FDL, GNU Free Documentation License</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> </table> <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> </td></tr></table> <hr> </body> </html>
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